Battlefield Earth
A Saga of the Year 3000
Dedication

Battlefield Earth
Dedication

“Recently there came a period when I had little to do. This was novel in a life so crammed with busy years, and I decided to amuse myself by writing a novel that was pure science fiction.”—L. Ron Hubbard, 1980

Dedicated to all the great science fiction and fantasy writers of the Golden Age, Battlefield Earth is the culmination of an era and stands as the last of the sci-fi classics.

L. Ron Hubbard wrote,

“This brand-new novel is dedicated to Robert A. Heinlein, A. E. van Vogt, John W. Campbell, Jr., and all the merry crew of science fiction and fantasy writers of the thirties and forties—The Golden Age—who made science fiction and fantasy the respected and popular literary genres they have become today.”

Authors Listed in the

Battlefield Earth Dedication

Forrest J. Ackerman

Poul Anderson

Isaac Asimov

Harry Bates

Alfred Bester

Eando (Otto) Binder

James Blish

Robert Bloch

Nelson Bond

Anthony Boucher

Leigh Brackett

Ray Bradbury

Fredric Brown

Arthur J. Burks

Edgar Rice Burroughs

E. J. Carnell
Groff Conklin
Ray Cummings
G. M. Kornbluth
R. W. Lowndes
Sam Merwin, Jr.

P. Schuyler Miller
Alden H. Norton
Ed Earl Repp
Ross Rocklynne
Idris Seabright (Margaret St. Clair)
F. Orlin Tremaine

Donald Wandrei
Russell Winterbotham
Donald A. Wollheim
Farnsworth Wright
Leo Zagat

Choose Your Format

Battlefield Earth Book

Trade Paperback edition

Mass Market edition

Hardcover First edition

Battlefield Earth Audiobook CD

Audiobook (USB)

img:is([sizes="auto" i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px;}img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;height:1em !important;width:1em !important;margin:0 .07em !important;vertical-align:-.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 !important;}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0;}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px;}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px;}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px;}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px;}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none !important;}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0;}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em;}.woocommerce form .form-row .required{visibility:visible;}.xoo-wsc-sp-left-col img{max-width:80px;}.xoo-wsc-sp-right-col{font-size:14px;}.xoo-wsc-sp-container{background-color:#eee;}.xoo-wsc-footer{background-color:#fff;color:#000;padding:10px 20px;}.xoo-wsc-footer,.xoo-wsc-footer a,.xoo-wsc-footer .amount{font-size:14px;}.xoo-wsc-ft-buttons-cont{grid-template-columns:auto;}.xoo-wsc-basket{bottom:12px;right:0px;background-color:#e81b3a;color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 4px 0;border-radius:50%;}.xoo-wsc-bki{font-size:30px;}.xoo-wsc-items-count{top:-12px;left:-12px;}.xoo-wsc-items-count,.xoo-wsc-sc-count{background-color:#000;color:#fff;}.xoo-wsc-container,.xoo-wsc-slider{max-width:320px;right:-320px;top:0;bottom:0;bottom:0;}.xoo-wsc-cart-active .xoo-wsc-container,.xoo-wsc-slider-active .xoo-wsc-slider{right:0;}.xoo-wsc-cart-active .xoo-wsc-basket{right:320px;}.xoo-wsc-slider{right:-320px;}span.xoo-wsch-close{font-size:16px;right:10px;}.xoo-wsch-top{justify-content:center;}.xoo-wsch-text{font-size:20px;}.xoo-wsc-header{color:#000;background-color:#fff;}.xoo-wsc-sb-bar > span{background-color:#1e73be;}.xoo-wsc-body{background-color:#fff;}.xoo-wsc-body,.xoo-wsc-body span.amount,.xoo-wsc-body a{font-size:16px;color:#000;}.xoo-wsc-product{padding:20px 15px;}.xoo-wsc-img-col{width:30%;}.xoo-wsc-sum-col{width:70%;}.xoo-wsc-sum-col{justify-content:center;}.xoo-wsc-qty-box{max-width:75px;}.xoo-wsc-qty-box.xoo-wsc-qtb-square{border-color:#000;}input[type="number"].xoo-wsc-qty{border-color:#000;background-color:#fff;color:#000;height:28px;line-height:28px;}input[type="number"].xoo-wsc-qty,.xoo-wsc-qtb-square{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;}.xoo-wsc-chng{background-color:#fff;color:#000;}input.xoo-wsc-qty{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.epyt-gallery-thumb{width:33.333%;}@media (min-width:0px) and (max-width: 767px){.epyt-gallery-rowbreak{display:none;}.epyt-gallery-allthumbs[class*="epyt-cols"] .epyt-gallery-thumb{width:100% !important;}}img#wpstats{display:none;}#top #header_main > .container,#top #header_main > .container .main_menu .av-main-nav > li > a,#top #header_main #menu-item-shop .cart_dropdown_link{height:66px;line-height:66px;}.html_top_nav_header .av-logo-container{height:66px;}.html_header_top.html_header_sticky #top #wrap_all #main{padding-top:96px;}.ls-container,.ls-wp-container{visibility:hidden;position:relative;max-width:100%;user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;}.ls-inner{position:relative;width:100%;height:100%;background-position:center center;z-index:30;}.ls-wp-fullwidth-container{width:100%;position:relative;}.ls-wp-fullwidth-helper{position:absolute;}ls-scene-wrapper{width:100%;margin:0 auto;display:block !important;position:relative !important;}ls-scene-wrapper .ls-container{position:sticky !important;top:0;}ls-silent-wrapper{width:100vw;height:100vh;z-index:-1 !important;visibility:hidden !important;opacity:0 !important;pointer-events:none !important;position:fixed !important;left:-200vw;top:-200vh;}ls-scene-wrapper[data-disabled-scene]{height:auto !important;}.ls-slide-bgcolor,.ls-slide-backgrounds,.ls-slide-effects,.ls-background-videos,.ls-bg-video-overlay{-o-transform:translateZ(0);-ms-transform:translateZ(0);-moz-transform:translateZ(0);-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);}.ls-layers,.ls-slide-bgcolor,.ls-slide-backgrounds,.ls-slide-effects,.ls-background-videos,.ls-bg-video-overlay{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;overflow:hidden;}.ls-text-layer .ls-ch .ls-grad-bg-overflow{display:block;position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:-1;}.ls-wrapper{padding:0 !important;visibility:visible !important;border:0 !important;z-index:1;}.ls-wrapper.ls-fix-textnodes .ls-ln,.ls-wrapper.ls-fix-textnodes .ls-wd{position:static !important;transform:none !important;}.ls-wrapper .ls-ln{white-space:nowrap;}.ls-layer.ls-has-chars .ls-wd{position:static !important;}.ls-layer.ls-has-chars .ls-ch{position:relative !important;}.ls-layer.ls-has-words .ls-wd{position:relative !important;}.ls-layer.ls-has-lines .ls-ln{position:relative !important;}.ls-layer .ls-ch,.ls-layer .ls-wd,.ls-layer .ls-ln{text-decoration:inherit;}.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in][data-ls-mask-text-in] .ls-ch,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in][data-ls-mask-text-in] .ls-wd,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in][data-ls-mask-text-in] .ls-ln,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out][data-ls-mask-text-out] .ls-ch,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out][data-ls-mask-text-out] .ls-wd,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out][data-ls-mask-text-out] .ls-ln{clip-path:polygon(0 0,100% 0,100% 100%,0 100%);}.ls-textnode-dummy{display:inline-block !important;visibility:hidden !important;pointer-events:none !important;}.ls-textnode-bgclip-wrap{left:0;top:0;position:absolute;background-clip:text;-webkit-background-clip:text;text-fill-color:transparent;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;text-align:left !important;pointer-events:none !important;}.ls-textnode{color:transparent;text-fill-color:transparent;-webkit-text-fill-color:transparent;}.ls-wrapper.ls-force-display-block{display:block !important;}.ls-wrapper.ls-force-visibility-hidden{visibility:hidden !important;}.ls-wrapper.ls-force-left-0{left:0 !important;}.ls-wrapper.ls-force-width-auto{width:auto !important;}.ls-force-height-auto{height:auto !important;}.ls-wrapper.ls-force-full-size{width:100% !important;height:100% !important;}.ls-layer.ls-force-no-transform,.ls-wrapper.ls-force-no-transform{transform:none !important;}.ls-force-no-transform .ls-ln,.ls-force-no-transform .ls-wd,.ls-force-no-transform .ls-ch{transform:none !important;}.ls-background-videos{z-index:1;}.ls-bg-video-overlay{z-index:21;background-repeat:repeat;background-position:center center;}.ls-slide-backgrounds{z-index:2;}.ls-slide-effects{z-index:4;}.ls-slide-bgcolor{z-index:1;}.ls-layers{z-index:35;}.ls-z,.ls-parallax,.ls-in-out,.ls-scroll,.ls-scroll-transform,.ls-loop,.ls-clip{position:absolute !important;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;}.ls-clip,.ls-m-layers-clip{clip-path:polygon(0% 0%,100% 0%,100% 100%,0% 100%);}.ls-layers-clip{clip:rect(0px,var(--sw),var(--sh),0px);}.ls-z{width:100% !important;height:100% !important;top:0 !important;left:0 !important;bottom:auto !important;right:auto !important;display:block !important;overflow:visible !important;pointer-events:none !important;}.ls-z.ls-wrapper.ls-pinned{position:fixed !important;}.ls-slide-backgrounds .ls-wrapper.ls-z{overflow:hidden !important;}.ls-inner-wrapper{pointer-events:auto;}.ls-inner-wrapper *{pointer-events:inherit;}.ls-in-out{display:none;}.ls-loop,.ls-clip{display:block !important;}.ls-parallax,.ls-in-out,.ls-scroll,.ls-scroll-transform,.ls-loop,.ls-z{background:none !important;}.ls-bg-wrap,.ls-loop{margin:0 !important;}.ls-wrapper > .ls-layer,.ls-wrapper > a > .ls-layer .ls-wrapper > .ls-bg{line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal;margin-right:0 !important;margin-bottom:0 !important;}.ls-wrapper > .ls-layer,.ls-wrapper > a > .ls-layer{position:static !important;display:block !important;transform:translateZ(0);}.ls-bg-wrap,.ls-bg-outer{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;}.ls-bg-wrap{display:none;}.ls-bg-outer{overflow:hidden !important;}.ls-wrapper > a.ls-layer-link{cursor:pointer !important;display:block !important;position:absolute !important;left:0 !important;top:0 !important;width:100% !important;height:100% !important;z-index:10;-o-transform:translateZ(100px);-ms-transform:translateZ(100px);-moz-transform:translateZ(100px);-webkit-transform:translateZ(100px);transform:translateZ(100px);background:url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7") !important;}.ls-l[data-prefix]:before,.ls-layer[data-prefix]:before{position:relative;display:inline-block;content:attr(data-prefix);}.ls-l[data-suffix]:after,.ls-layer[data-suffix]:after{position:relative;display:inline-block;content:attr(data-suffix);}.ls-l[data-prefix]:before,.ls-layer[data-prefix]:before,.ls-l[data-suffix]:after,.ls-layer[data-suffix]:after{color:var(--ls-affix-color,currentColor);transform:translateY(var(--ls-affix-va,0em));font-size:var(--ls-affix-fs,1em);font-family:var(--ls-affix-ff,inherit);font-weight:var(--ls-affix-fw,inherit);}.ls-l[data-prefix]:before,.ls-layer[data-prefix]:before,.ls-l[data-suffix]:after,.ls-layer[data-suffix]:after{display:var(--ls-affix-nl,inline-block);}.ls-l[data-prefix].ls-affix-float:before,.ls-layer[data-prefix].ls-affix-float:before,.ls-l[data-suffix].ls-affix-float:after,.ls-layer[data-suffix].ls-affix-float:after{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;transform:translate(calc(-50% + var(--ls-affix-ha,0em)),calc(-50% + var(--ls-affix-va,0em)));}.ls-l[data-prefix]:before,.ls-layer[data-prefix]:before{margin-right:var(--ls-affix-ha,0em);}.ls-l[data-suffix]:after,.ls-layer[data-suffix]:after{margin-left:var(--ls-affix-ha,0em);}.ls-gui-element{z-index:40;text-decoration:none !important;}.ls-loading-container{position:absolute !important;display:none;left:50% !important;top:50% !important;}.ls-loading-indicator{margin:0 auto;}.ls-media-unmute{visibility:hidden;position:absolute;left:16px;top:16px;width:30px;height:30px;cursor:pointer;opacity:.65;}.ls-media-unmute-active{visibility:visible;}.ls-media-unmute-bg{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;border-radius:30px;border:0 solid white;transform:scale(.1);background:rgba(0,0,0,.25);box-shadow:0 3px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.ls-icon-muted,.ls-icon-unmuted{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:20px;transform:scale(.1);}.ls-media-unmute-active .ls-media-unmute-bg{border:2px solid white;}.ls-media-unmute-active .ls-icon-muted,.ls-media-unmute-active .ls-icon-unmuted,.ls-media-unmute-active .ls-media-unmute-bg{transform:scale(1) !important;}.ls-icon-muted{background-image:url("https://cdn-ilbhkld.nitrocdn.com/AeBiLjLoytuPQGtVogUIoPBytaPBuiFf/assets/images/optimized/rev-20c3ecc/galaxypress.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/img/icon-muted-white.png");opacity:1;}.ls-icon-muted.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.ls-icon-unmuted{background-image:url("https://cdn-ilbhkld.nitrocdn.com/AeBiLjLoytuPQGtVogUIoPBytaPBuiFf/assets/images/optimized/rev-20c3ecc/galaxypress.com/wp-content/plugins/LayerSlider/assets/static/layerslider/img/icon-unmuted-white.png");opacity:0;}.ls-icon-unmuted.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.ls-media-unmute:hover{opacity:1;}.ls-media-unmute:hover .ls-icon-muted{opacity:0;}.ls-media-unmute:hover .ls-icon-unmuted{opacity:1;}.ls-media-unmute-bg,.ls-icon-unmuted,.ls-media-unmute,.ls-icon-muted{transition:all .3s ease-in-out !important;}.ls-bottom-slidebuttons{text-align:left;}.ls-bottom-nav-wrapper,.ls-below-thumbnails{height:0;position:relative;text-align:center;margin:0 auto;}.ls-below-thumbnails{display:none;}.ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a,.ls-nav-prev,.ls-nav-next{outline:none;}.ls-bottom-slidebuttons{position:relative;}.ls-bottom-slidebuttons,.ls-nav-start,.ls-nav-stop,.ls-nav-sides{position:relative;}.ls-nothumb{text-align:center !important;}.ls-link,.ls-link:hover{position:absolute !important;width:100% !important;height:100% !important;left:0 !important;top:0 !important;}.ls-link{display:none;}.ls-link-on-top{z-index:999999 !important;}.ls-link,.ls-wrapper > a > *{background-image:url("data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7");}.ls-link.nitro-lazy,.ls-wrapper > a > *.nitro-lazy{background-image:none !important;}.ls-bottom-nav-wrapper,.ls-thumbnail-wrapper,.ls-nav-prev,.ls-nav-next{visibility:hidden;}.ls-bar-timer{position:absolute;width:0;height:2px;background:white;border-bottom:2px solid #555;opacity:.55;top:0;}.ls-circle-timer{width:16px;height:16px;position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;opacity:.65;display:none;}.ls-container .ls-circle-timer,.ls-container .ls-circle-timer *{box-sizing:border-box !important;}.ls-ct-half{border:4px solid white;}.ls-ct-left,.ls-ct-right{width:50%;height:100%;overflow:hidden;}.ls-ct-left,.ls-ct-right{position:absolute;}.ls-ct-left{left:0;}.ls-ct-right{left:50%;}.ls-ct-rotate{width:200%;height:100%;position:absolute;top:0;}.ls-ct-left .ls-ct-rotate,.ls-ct-right .ls-ct-hider,.ls-ct-right .ls-ct-half{left:0;}.ls-ct-right .ls-ct-rotate,.ls-ct-left .ls-ct-hider,.ls-ct-left .ls-ct-half{right:0;}.ls-ct-hider,.ls-ct-half{position:absolute;top:0;}.ls-ct-hider{width:50%;height:100%;overflow:hidden;}.ls-ct-half{width:200%;height:100%;}.ls-ct-center{width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;position:absolute;border:4px solid black;opacity:.2;}.ls-ct-half,.ls-ct-center{border-radius:100px;-moz-border-radius:100px;-webkit-border-radius:100px;}.ls-slidebar-container{margin:10px auto;}.ls-slidebar-container,.ls-slidebar{position:relative;}.ls-progressbar,.ls-slidebar-slider-container{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;}.ls-progressbar{width:0;height:100%;z-index:1;}.ls-slidebar-slider-container{z-index:2;}.ls-slidebar-slider{position:static !important;cursor:pointer;}.ls-slidebar{height:10px;background-color:#ddd;}.ls-slidebar,.ls-progressbar{border-radius:10px;}.ls-progressbar{background-color:#bbb;}.ls-slidebar-slider-container{top:50%;}.ls-slidebar-slider{width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:20px;background-color:#999;}.ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar{height:8px;background-color:white;border:1px solid #ddd;border-top:1px solid #ccc;}.ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar,.ls-slidebar-light .ls-progressbar{border-radius:10px;}.ls-slidebar-light .ls-progressbar{background-color:#eee;}.ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar-slider-container{top:50%;}.ls-slidebar-light .ls-slidebar-slider{width:18px;height:18px;border-radius:20px;background-color:#eee;border:1px solid #bbb;border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #999;}.ls-tn{display:none !important;}.ls-thumbnail-hover{display:none;position:absolute;left:0;}.ls-thumbnail-hover-inner{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;display:none;}.ls-thumbnail-hover-bg{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;}.ls-thumbnail-hover-img{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;}.ls-thumbnail-hover img{max-width:none !important;position:absolute;display:inline-block;visibility:visible !important;left:50%;top:0;}.ls-thumbnail-hover span{left:50%;top:100%;width:0;height:0;display:block;position:absolute;border-left-color:transparent !important;border-right-color:transparent !important;border-bottom-color:transparent !important;}.ls-thumbnail-wrapper{position:relative;width:100%;margin:0 auto;}.ls-thumbnail-wrapper.ls-thumbnail-fill a img{width:100%;}.ls-thumbnail{position:relative;margin:0 auto;}.ls-thumbnail-inner,.ls-thumbnail-slide-container{width:100%;}.ls-thumbnail-slide-container{overflow:hidden !important;position:relative;}.ls-thumbnail-slide{text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;float:left;position:relative;}.ls-thumbnail-slide a{overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;width:0;height:0;position:relative;}.ls-thumbnail-slide img{max-width:none !important;max-height:100% !important;height:100%;visibility:visible !important;background-position:center !important;}.ls-touchscroll{overflow-x:auto !important;}.ls-shadow{display:none;position:absolute;z-index:10 !important;top:100%;width:100%;left:0;overflow:hidden !important;visibility:hidden;}.ls-shadow img{width:100% !important;height:auto !important;position:absolute !important;left:0 !important;bottom:0 !important;}.ls-media-layer{overflow:hidden;}.ls-vpcontainer,.ls-videopreview{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;cursor:pointer;}.ls-videopreview{background-size:cover;background-position:center center;}.ls-videopreview{z-index:1;}.ls-playvideo{position:absolute;left:50%;top:50%;cursor:pointer;z-index:2;}.ls-autoplay .ls-playvideo,.ls-instant-autoplay .ls-playvideo{display:none !important;}.ls-forcehide{display:none !important;}.ls-yourlogo{position:absolute;z-index:50;}.ls-slide-transition-wrapper{width:100%;height:100%;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;z-index:3;}.ls-slide-transition-wrapper,.ls-slide-transition-wrapper *{text-align:left !important;}.ls-slide-transition-tile{position:relative;float:left;}.ls-slide-transition-tile img{visibility:visible;margin:0 !important;}.ls-curtiles{overflow:hidden;}.ls-curtiles,.ls-nexttiles{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;left:0;top:0;}.ls-curtile,.ls-nexttile{overflow:hidden;width:100% !important;height:100% !important;-o-transform:translateZ(0);-ms-transform:translateZ(0);-moz-transform:translateZ(0);-webkit-transform:translateZ(0);transform:translateZ(0);}.ls-nexttile{display:none;}.ls-3d-container{position:relative;overflow:visible !important;-ms-perspective:none !important;-moz-perspective:none !important;-webkit-perspective:none !important;perspective:none !important;}.ls-3d-box{position:absolute;}.ls-3d-box > div{overflow:hidden;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;background-color:#888;}.ls-3d-box .ls-3d-top,.ls-3d-box .ls-3d-bottom{background-color:#555;}.ls-slide-transition-wrapper,.ls-slide-transition-tile{-ms-perspective:1500px;-moz-perspective:1500px;-webkit-perspective:1500px;perspective:1500px;}.ls-slide-transition-tile,.ls-3d-box,.ls-curtiles,.ls-nexttiles{-ms-transform-style:preserve-3d;-moz-transform-style:preserve-3d;-webkit-transform-style:preserve-3d;transform-style:preserve-3d;}.ls-curtile,.ls-nexttile,.ls-3d-box{-ms-backface-visibility:hidden;-moz-backface-visibility:hidden;-webkit-backface-visibility:hidden;backface-visibility:hidden;}html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullsize:not(.ls-hidden),html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullwidth:not(.ls-hidden),html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-responsive:not(.ls-hidden),html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fixedsize:not(.ls-hidden),#ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullsize:not(.ls-hidden),#ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fullwidth:not(.ls-hidden),#ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-responsive:not(.ls-hidden),#ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container.ls-fixedsize:not(.ls-hidden){max-width:100%;}html body .ls-container.ls-hidden,#ls-global .ls-container.ls-hidden{width:0px !important;height:0px !important;position:absolute;left:-5000px;top:-5000px;z-index:-1;overflow:hidden !important;visibility:hidden !important;display:block !important;}.ls-selectable{user-select:text;-ms-user-select:text;-moz-user-select:text;-webkit-user-select:text;}.ls-unselectable{user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;}.ls-visible{overflow:visible !important;clip:auto !important;clip-path:none !important;}.ls-unselectable{user-select:none;-o-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-webkit-user-select:none;}.ls-overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden;}.ls-overflowx-hidden{overflow-x:hidden;}html body .ls-overflow-visible,html#ls-global .ls-overflow-visible,body#ls-global .ls-overflow-visible,#ls-global .ls-overflow-visible,.ls-overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important;}.ls-overflowy-hidden{overflow-y:hidden;}.ls-slide{display:block !important;visibility:hidden !important;position:absolute !important;overflow:hidden;top:0 !important;left:0 !important;bottom:auto !important;right:auto !important;background:none;border:none !important;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;}.ls-slide > .ls-layer,.ls-slide > .ls-l,.ls-slide > .ls-bg,.ls-slide > a > .ls-layer,.ls-slide > a > .ls-l,.ls-slide > a > .ls-bg{position:absolute !important;white-space:nowrap;}.ls-fullscreen{margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;width:auto !important;height:auto !important;}.ls-fullscreen .ls-container{background-color:black;margin:0 auto !important;}.ls-fullscreen .ls-fullscreen-wrapper{width:100% !important;height:100% !important;margin:0 !important;padding:0 !important;border:0 !important;background-color:black;overflow:hidden !important;position:relative !important;}.ls-fullscreen .ls-fullscreen-wrapper .ls-container,.ls-fullscreen .ls-fullscreen-wrapper .ls-wp-container{position:absolute !important;top:50% !important;left:50% !important;transform:translate(-50%,-50%) !important;}.ls-layer .split-item{font-weight:inherit !important;font-family:inherit !important;font-size:inherit;color:inherit;}html body .ls-container .ls-layer,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-layer,html body .ls-container .ls-l,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-l{border-width:0;border-style:solid;border-color:#000;color:#000;font-size:36px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;background-repeat:no-repeat;stroke:#000;text-align:left;font-style:normal;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;background-position:0% 0%;background-clip:border-box;opacity:1;mix-blend-mode:unset;}.ls-container .ls-layer svg,.ls-container .ls-l svg{width:1em;height:1em;display:block;}.ls-container .ls-layer:not(.ls-html-layer),.ls-container .ls-l:not(.ls-html-layer){stroke-width:0;}.ls-container .ls-layer:not(.ls-html-layer) svg,.ls-container .ls-l:not(.ls-html-layer) svg{fill:currentColor;}.ls-container .ls-layer.ls-shape-layer svg,.ls-container .ls-layer.ls-svg-layer svg,.ls-container .ls-l.ls-shape-layer svg,.ls-container .ls-l.ls-svg-layer svg{width:100%;height:100%;}.ls-container .ls-layer.ls-icon-layer .fa,.ls-container .ls-l.ls-icon-layer .fa{display:block;line-height:inherit;}.ls-container .ls-layer.ls-ib-icon svg,.ls-container .ls-l.ls-ib-icon svg,.ls-container .ls-layer.ls-ib-icon .fa,.ls-container .ls-l.ls-ib-icon .fa{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.ls-container .ls-layer.ls-html-layer svg,.ls-container .ls-l.ls-html-layer svg{display:inline;width:auto;height:auto;}.ls-container .ls-button-layer{cursor:pointer;}.ls-container:not(.ls-hidden) .ls-wrapper:not(.ls-force-display-block) picture.ls-layer img,.ls-container:not(.ls-hidden) .ls-wrapper:not(.ls-force-display-block) picture.ls-l img{width:inherit !important;height:inherit !important;}.ls-container.ls-hidden picture{display:flex !important;}.ls-container.ls-hidden picture.ls-layer img,.ls-container.ls-hidden picture.ls-l img{width:auto;height:auto;}.ls-l[data-ls-smart-bg],.ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg],ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg]{overflow:hidden !important;background-size:0 0 !important;}.ls-l[data-ls-smart-bg]:before,.ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg]:before,ls-layer[data-ls-smart-bg]:before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;z-index:-1;width:var(--sw);height:var(--sh);transform:translate(calc(var(--x,0px) + var(--lx,0px)),calc(var(--y,0px) + var(--ly,0px)));background-image:inherit;background-size:var(--bgs,inherit);background-position:inherit;background-repeat:inherit;}html body .ls-nav-prev,#ls-global .ls-nav-prev,html body .ls-nav-next,#ls-global .ls-nav-next,html body .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a,#ls-global .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a,html body .ls-container .ls-fullscreen,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-fullscreen,html body .ls-thumbnail a,#ls-global .ls-thumbnail a{transition:none;-ms-transition:none;-webkit-transition:none;line-height:normal;outline:none;padding:0;border:0;}html body .ls-wrapper > a,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > a,html body .ls-wrapper > p,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > p,html body .ls-wrapper > h1,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > h1,html body .ls-wrapper > h2,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > h2,html body .ls-wrapper > h3,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > h3,html body .ls-wrapper > h4,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > h4,html body .ls-wrapper > h5,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > h5,html body .ls-wrapper > img,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > img,html body .ls-wrapper > div,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > div,html body .ls-wrapper > span,#ls-global .ls-wrapper > span,html body .ls-wrapper .ls-bg,#ls-global .ls-wrapper .ls-bg,html body .ls-wrapper .ls-layer,#ls-global .ls-wrapper .ls-layer,html body .ls-slide .ls-layer,#ls-global .ls-slide .ls-layer,html body .ls-slide a .ls-layer,#ls-global .ls-slide a .ls-layer{transition:none;-ms-transition:none;-webkit-transition:none;line-height:normal;outline:none;padding:0;margin:0;border-width:0;}html body .ls-container img,#ls-global .ls-container img{transition:none;-ms-transition:none;-webkit-transition:none;line-height:normal;outline:none;background:none;min-width:0;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;border-width:0;padding:0;}html body .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a > *,#ls-global .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a > *{margin:0;}html body .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a,#ls-global .ls-wp-container .ls-wrapper > a{text-decoration:none;}.ls-wp-fullwidth-container,.ls-wp-fullwidth-helper,.ls-gui-element *,.ls-gui-element,.ls-container,.ls-slide > *,.ls-slide,.ls-wrapper,.ls-layer{box-sizing:content-box !important;}html body .ls-yourlogo,#ls-global .ls-yourlogo{margin:0;}html body .ls-tn,#ls-global .ls-tn{display:none;}.ls-bottom-nav-wrapper,.ls-bottom-nav-wrapper span,.ls-bottom-nav-wrapper a{line-height:0;font-size:0;}html body .ls-container video,#ls-global .ls-container video{max-width:none !important;object-fit:cover !important;}html body .ls-container.ls-wp-container,#ls-global .ls-container.ls-wp-container,html body .ls-fullscreen-wrapper,#ls-global .ls-fullscreen-wrapper{max-width:none;}html body .ls-container,#ls-global .ls-container,html body .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper,html body .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper *,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-slide-transition-wrapper *,html body .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper,html body .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper *,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper *,html body .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper span *,#ls-global .ls-container .ls-bottom-nav-wrapper span *,html body .ls-direction-fix,#ls-global .ls-direction-fix{direction:ltr !important;}html body .ls-container,#ls-global .ls-container{float:none !important;}.ls-slider-notification{position:relative;margin:10px auto;padding:10px 10px 15px 88px;border-radius:5px;min-height:60px;background:#de4528;color:white !important;font-family:"Open Sans",arial,sans-serif !important;}.ls-slider-notification a{color:white !important;text-decoration:underline !important;}.ls-slider-notification-logo{position:absolute;top:16px;left:17px;width:56px;height:56px;font-size:49px;line-height:53px;border-radius:56px;background-color:white;color:#de4528;font-style:normal;font-weight:800;text-align:center;}.ls-slider-notification strong{color:white !important;display:block;font-size:20px;line-height:26px;font-weight:normal !important;}.ls-slider-notification span{display:block;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;text-align:justify !important;}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.ls-container .ls-layers > .ls-hide-on-phone,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-phone video,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-phone audio,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-phone iframe{display:none !important;}}@media screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1024px){.ls-container .ls-layers > .ls-hide-on-tablet,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-tablet video,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-tablet audio,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-tablet iframe{display:none !important;}}@media screen and (min-width:1025px){.ls-container .ls-layers > .ls-hide-on-desktop,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-desktop video,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-desktop audio,.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-hide-on-desktop iframe{display:none !important;}}.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-vpcontainer{z-index:10;}.ls-container .ls-background-videos .ls-videopreview{background-size:cover !important;}.ls-container .ls-background-videos video,.ls-container .ls-background-videos audio,.ls-container .ls-background-videos iframe{position:relative;z-index:20;}@media (transform-3d),(-ms-transform-3d),(-webkit-transform-3d){#ls-test3d{position:absolute;left:9px;height:3px;}}.ls-z[data-ls-animating-in] .ls-wrapper.ls-in-out,.ls-z[data-ls-animating-out] .ls-wrapper.ls-in-out,.ls-curtile,.ls-nexttile{will-change:transform;}.ls-z[data-ls-animating-in] .ls-layer,.ls-z[data-ls-animating-out] .ls-layer,.ls-curtile,.ls-nexttile{will-change:opacity;}.ls-layer[data-ls-animating-in],.ls-layer[data-ls-animating-out]{will-change:filter;}.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in] .ls-ln,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in] .ls-wd,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-in] .ls-ch,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out] .ls-ln,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out] .ls-wd,.ls-layer[data-ls-text-animating-out] .ls-ch{will-change:transform;}.ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]),.ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-loop,.ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-parallax,.ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-scroll-transform,.ls-z:not([data-ls-hidden]) .ls-wrapper.ls-scroll{will-change:transform;}*[id^='readlink']{font-weight:normal;color:#e81b3a;background:#fff;padding:0px;border-bottom:0px solid #fff;-webkit-box-shadow:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;-webkit-transition:none !important;}*[id^='readlink']:hover{font-weight:normal;color:#e81b3a;padding:0px;border-bottom:0px solid #fff;}*[id^='readlink']:focus{outline:none;color:#e81b3a;}#top .avia-font-entypo-fontello,body .avia-font-entypo-fontello,html body [data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello']:before{font-family:"entypo-fontello";}#top .avia-font-flaticon,body .avia-font-flaticon,html body [data-av_iconfont='flaticon']:before{font-family:"flaticon";}